That almost all of India’s problems can be laid down to four very fundamental foundational problems.

a. Bureaucracy b. Ineffective and slow judiciary c. Limited devolution to local elected bodies d. Socialism

There is a gap between the folks who hold the manufacturing knowhow and capital in India (especially in Tier 2 manufacturing clusters) and those who have the engineering knowhow to innovate. Bridging that gap is necessary to build a manufacturing base.

Semiconductor R&D (like most R&D) will be revolutionised by closed-loop design on software with AI. The bottleneck is in-situ sensors and building robust digital twins.